Understanding the Correlation of Cotinine on Early Vascular Function Decline via Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Activation in Smokers

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Published Jan 22, 2026
https://doi.org/10.62438/tunismed.v103i11.5886
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Vol. 103 No. 11 (2025): Tunis Med Nov 2025

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Kumboyono Kumboyono
School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Indah Nur Chomsy
Biomedical Science Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana, Bali, 80232, Indonesia
Wahyu Santoso Hidayat
Master Program of Biomedical Science, Medical Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
Ardhi Khoirul Hakim
Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Stikes Banyuwangi, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
Hidayat Sujuti
Biochemistry Department, Medical Faculty, Universitas Brawijaya -Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Indonesia
Titin Andri Wihastuti
Basic Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

Abstract

Introduction:Oxidative stress describes an imbalance of pro-oxidant and antioxidant levels in cells. This study aimed to investigate the significant correlation of Cotinine on Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1) and Nitric Oxide (NO) as an indicator of vascular function.


Methods:The research, designed as a comprehensive cross-sectional study, included a sample of non-smokers (n=100) and smokers (n=100). The study utilised Cotinine, MCP-1 Human MCP-1 ELISA kit, and Nitric Oxide Colorimetric Assay kit, with data analysis conducted using Wrap Partial Least Square.


Results: This study showed a significant effect between Cotinine with MCP-1 (p-value <0.001) and Cotinine with NO (p-value <0.029). The impact of MCP-1 on NO resulted in a p-value of <0.001. Indirectly, it can be known that the effect of Cotinine on NO through MCP-1 produces a p-value of <0.001.The study concluded a significant direct association between Cotinine and MCP-1, Cotinine and NO, and MCP-1 and NO. Meanwhile, the indirect relationship of Cotinine on NO through MCP-1 is paramount.


Conclusion:These findings underscore Cotinine's direct and indirect results on vascular function decline, contributing significantly to our understanding of vascular inflammation and providing a new perspective on the impact of smoking on cardiovascular health.

Keywords:

Cardiovascular risk, MCP-1, nitric oxide, cotinine, smokers

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