Assessment of biochemical markers associated with inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Introduction-Objective: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic and progressive metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and long-term inflammation. Vitamin D has anti-inflammatory properties that reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. This study aimed to investigate the role of serum vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) on individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, study the relationship between these factors and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factorα (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP).
Method: This case–control study included a total of 100 participants within the age range of 45 to 65 years. There were 50 participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 50 healthy individuals (control).
Results: The levels of serum IL-6 were significantly increased in the T2DM group compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, the T2DM group were increased levels of HOMA-IR, TNF-α, and CRP compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The patient group showed a decreased in 25-OH vitamin D levels (P > 0.05). Although the mean serum PTH level increased, this increase was significantly greater in the T2DM group compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The study revealed a significant negative correlation between vitamin D, HBA1C, and HOMA-IR. There is also a strong positive correlation between HOMA-IR and HBA1c, TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. This suggests that vitamin D and PTH play a role in glycemic control.
Keywords:
Vitamin D, Insulin Resistance, Inflammatory Cytokines, HOMA-IR##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
- Navaei S, Nazemi S, Emamian MH, Hashemi H, Fotouhi A. Vitamin D deficiency and diabetic retinopathy risk. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2023 Apr 19; 46(7):737-741.
- Ajam WH, Al-Khyat TH, Al-Hamdani KJ. Oxidative Status and Lipid Profile in Post-Menopausal Women with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Type 2 in Babylon Governorate. Medical Journal of Babylon. 2012;9(2).
- Rode S, Shukla J, Mundra M, Gidwani G. VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION EFFECT ON HBA1C LEVEL-A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research. 2024;15(02).
- Liu G, Wu X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Jiang H, Dai Y, Zhang X. Serum vitamin D level and erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urologia Internationalis. 2022 Oct 17;106(10):1025-32.
- Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, Colagiuri S, Guariguata L, Motala AA, Ogurtsova K, Shaw JE. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2019 Nov 1;157:107843.
- Banerjee R, Datta S, Rout AJ. Correlation of Vitamin D Status with Lipid Profile of Outpatient Department Attendees--A Cross Sectional Study in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital of North Bengal, India. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2021 Aug 30;10(35):3012-7.
- Mouliou DS. C-reactive protein: pathophysiology, diagnosis, false test results and a novel diagnostic algorithm for clinicians. Diseases. 2023 Sep 28;11(4):132.
- Mohammad IJ, Kashanian S, Rafipour R, Aljwaid H, Hashemi S. Evaluation of the relationship of cytokines concentrations tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interleukin‐6, and C‐reactive protein in obese diabetics and obese non‐diabetics: A comparative study. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 2024 Apr;71(2):272-9.
- Karras SN, Koufakis T, Tsekmekidou X, Antonopoulou V, Zebekakis P, Kotsa K. Increased parathyroid hormone is associated with higher fasting glucose in individuals with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism and prediabetes: a pilot study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2020 Feb 1;160:107985.
- Ernstmeyer K, Christman E. Endocrine System. In Nursing Pharmacology [Internet]. 2nd edition 2023. Chippewa Valley Technical College.
- Bouillon R, Manousaki D, Rosen C, Trajanoska K, Rivadeneira F, Richards JB. The health effects of vitamin D supplementation: evidence from human studies. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2022 Feb;18(2):96-110.
- Mohd Ghozali N, Giribabu N, Salleh N. Mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency to impaired metabolism: An overview. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2022 Jul 6;2022.
- Mather KJ, Hunt AE, Steinberg HO, Paradisi G, Hook G, Katz A, Quon MJ, Baron AD. Repeatability characteristics of simple indices of insulin resistance: implications for research applications. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2001 Nov 1;86(11):5457-64.
- Aliniagerdroudbari Ehsan, et al., Farhangian Z, Babaniamansour S, Niroomand M. Association Between Glycemic Control Status and Serum Level of Vitamin D3 in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical Diabetology. 2022;11(4):262-8.
- Lips P, Eekhoff M, van Schoor N, Oosterwerff M, de Jongh R, Krul-Poel Y, Simsek S. Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology. 2017 Oct 1;173:280-5.
- Pittas AG, Jorde R, Kawahara T, Dawson-Hughes B. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: to D or not to D?. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020 Dec;105(12):3721-33.
- Ogail SF, Muhsin SN, Abbas WI. Evaluation of vitamin D level among patients with type 2 diabetes in Nineveh Governorate-Iraq. Evaluation. 2022 Jul;140(04).
- Narayanan SK, Gopikuttan R. The correlation of vitamin D with HOMA-IR and glycated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Baghdad Journal of Biochemistry and Applied Biological Sciences. 2022 Nov 8;3(04):273-85.
- Munisamy S, Mokhtar S, Hou LJ, Lee WC, Rasool AH. Vitamin D associated inflammation and atherosclerosis. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2021;20(7):1535-47.
- Tukaj S, Trzonkowski P, Tukaj C. Regulatory effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on vascular smooth muscle cells. Acta Biochimica Polonica. 2012 Aug 21;59(3):395-400.
- Begum N, Kawser M, Sarwar S, Tarafdar MA, Islam SN. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose Homeostasis among Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. South East Asia Journal of Public Health. 2023 Sep 18:1-1.
- Velloso LA, Eizirik DL, Cnop M. Type 2 diabetes mellitus—an autoimmune disease?. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2013 Dec;9(12):750-5.
- Phosat C, Panprathip P, Chumpathat N, Prangthip P, Chantratita N, Soonthornworasiri N, Puduang S, Kwanbunjan K. Elevated C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and glycemic load associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in rural Thais: a cross-sectional study. BMC endocrine disorders. 2017 Dec;17:1-8.
- Yin X, Chen JY, Huang XJ, Lai JH, Huang C, Yao W, Li NX, Huang WC, Guo XG. Association between vitamin D serum levels and insulin resistance assessed by HOMA-IR among non-diabetic adults in the United States: Results from NHANES 2007–2014. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022 Oct 14;9:883904.
- Elkhamisy E, Abbas NF, Elzehery R. Assessment of Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Suez Canal University Medical Journal. 2016 Mar 1;19(1):76-86.
- Mohammedsaeed W, Alnakly H. Impact of Vitamin D on Calcium, Parathyroid Hormone and Lipid Profile Levels among Saudi-females with Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Syndr. 2019;8(305):2161-1017.
- Aziz ZS, Jazaa SH, Dageem HN, Banoon SR, Balboul BA, Abdelzaher MA. Bacterial biodegradation of oil-contaminated soil for pollutant abatement contributing to achieve sustainable development goals: A comprehensive review. Results in Engineering. 2024 Apr 3:102083.
- Al-Thakafy NT, Abdelzaher MA, Abdelzaher HG, Saleh MY, Al-Enizzi MS, Saied SM, Elbagory M, El-Nahrawy S, Omara AE, Al-Shalawi M, Moghanm FS. A novel chalcone compound as a reagent for the validation of pharmaceutical cefotaxime sodium preparations. Results in Chemistry. 2024 Jan 1;7:101387.
- Abbas R, Abdelzaher MA, Shehata N, Tantawy MA. Production, characterization and performance of green geopolymer modified with industrial by-products. Scientific Reports. 2024 Mar 1;14(1):5104.
- Banoon ZR, Al-Lami AK, Abbas AM, Al-Shakban M, Balboul BA, Gad M, El Fadaly EA, Khalifa MM, Rudayni HA, Alfassam HE, Allam AA. Asymmetrical liquid crystals synthesis for effective sensing: Fluorescence investigations. Results in Chemistry. 2023 Dec 1;6:101166.