Exploring risk factors and survival rates in invasive cervical carcinoma: New perspectives

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Amina Belhadj
Youssera Khadidja Boumeddane
Djihane Meddah
Tewfik Sahraoui

Abstract

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a public health issue in Algeria, it ranks at second position among female cancers.


Aim: This study sought to identify risk factors for cervical cancer and to determine their impact on patient survival


Methods: This is a retrospective study on 200 patients diagnosed during a 3-years period between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018. This study investigated cervical cancer risk factors and survival outcomes associations. The analysis was made by Chi Square test.  The progression-free survival rate was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.


Results: Our study revealed that squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent diagnosis (69.9%), it also points to early sexual activity as a significant associated risk factor (P=0.05). This finding contrasts with the relatively small proportion of cases (12.12%) linked to hereditary causes. Patients with adenocarcinoma had a lower progression-free survival (PFS) (Log-Rank test P = 0.04). Poorer PFS was associated with earlier FIGO stages (Breslow: P =0.04; Tarone-Ware: P =0.04). Age at first sexual encounter and parity, however, did not significantly predict PFS. PFS was substantially better in T1-T2 pathological stages (P = 0.000).


Conclusion: The prognosis depends on knowing these risk factors. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for improved therapy and results. We provide an up-to-date insight of current cervical cancer risk factors in oran city. These results highlight how crucial it is to comprehend risk variables and how they affect the prognosis of cervical cancer.

Keywords:

Cervix, cancer, risk factors, progression-free survival, Algeria

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

References

  1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024; 74(3): 229-263. doi:10.3322/caac.21834
  2. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A and Bray F Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 ;71(3):209-249. https://doi: 10.3322/caac.21660.
  3. Bhatla, N., Aoki, D., Sharma, D. N., Sankaranarayanan, R., & Gaffikin, L. Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2023 update. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics.2023 ; 162(S1), 3–25.
  4. Zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses causing cancer: evasion from host-cell control in early events in carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 ; 92(9):690-8. https://doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.9.690.
  5. Huang HY, Tsai WC, Chou WY, Hung YC, Liu LC, Huang KF, Wang WC, Leung KW, Hsieh RK and Kung PT.Quality of life of breast and cervical cancer survivors. BMC Women’s Health.2017;17(1):1–21.https:// doi: 10.1186/s12905-017-0387-x
  6. Liu ZC, Liu WD, Liu YH, Ye XH, Chen SD. Multiple sexual partners as a potential independent risk factor for cervical cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2015;16(9):3893–900.https://doi : 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3893
  7. Burkman RT. Berek & Novak’s gynecology. Jama. 2012 Aug 1;308(5):516–7.https://doi :10.1001/jama.308.5.516
  8. Thakur A, Gupta B, Gupta A, Chauhan R. Risk factors for cancer cervix among rural women of a hilly state: a case-control study. Indian Journal of Public Health 2015;59(1):45. https://doi: 10.4103/0019-557X.152862
  9. Rozario SD, Silva IF, Koifman RJ, Silva IF. Characterization of women with cervical cancer assisted at Inca by histological type. Revista de saude publica. 2019 Oct 3;53:88. pmid:31596321.https://doi : 10.11606/s1518-8787.2019053001218
  10. Smith JS, Green J, Appleby P, Peto J, Plummer M , Franceshi S and Beral V . Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives: a systematic review. Lancet 2003;361(9364):1159–67. https://doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)12949-2
  11. Wang R., Ding K., and Zhang J. The etiology and epidemiology exploration of cervical cancer, Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics.2024 ; 12(1): 8-14. https://doi: 10.5376/cge.2024.12.0002
  12. Trejo MJ, Soliman AS, Chen Y, Kalima M, Chuba A, Chama E, Mwaba CK, Banda L, Lishimpi K. Effects of HIV infection on metastatic cervical cancer and age at diagnosis among patients in Lusaka, Zambia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022 ;156(3):521-528. https://doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13784.
  13. Fobian SF, Mei X, Crezee J, Snoek BC, Steenbergen RDM, Hu J, Ten Hagen TLM, Vermeulen L, Stalpers LJA, Oei AL. Increased human papillomavirus viral load is correlated to higher severity of cervical disease and poorer clinical outcome: A systematic review. J Med Virol. 2024 ; 96(6):e29741. https://doi: 10.1002/jmv.29741.
  14. Zhang ZF, Parkin DM, Yu SZ, Estève J, Yang XZ. Risk factors for cancer of the cervix in a rural Chinese population. Int J Cancer 1989 ; 43 : 762 –67.https://doi : 10.1002/ijc.2910430503
  15. Chaouki N, Bosch FX, Muñoz N, Meijer C J, El Gueddari B, Ghazi AEl, Deacon J, Castellsagué X and Wallboomers JM . The viral origin of cervical cancer in Rabat, Morocco. Int J Cancer 1998 ; 75 : 546 –54.https://doi : 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980209)75:4<546::aid-ijc9>3.0.co;2-t
  16. Hou Y, Ni S, Liu X, Liu X, Wang N, Xu F, Gao J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Tang H, Bian M, Li X, Zhang L, Wang W and Liu Q. HPV integration profiling using nanopore sequencing and association with cervical precancerous lesion. Front. Microbiol.2025 ; 16:1522550. http://doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1522550
  17. Hewavisenti RV, Arena J, Ahlenstiel CL, Sasson SC. Human papillomavirus in the setting of immunodeficiency: Pathogenesis and the emergence of next-generation therapies to reduce the high associated cancer risk. Front Immunol. 2023 ; 7;14:1112513. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112513.
  18. Donkers, H., Bekkers, R., & Galaal, K. Systematic review on socioeconomic deprivation and cervical cancer: Inequalities in survival. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved. 2021 ; 32(2), 751-766.
  19. Pecorelli S. Revised FIGO staging for carcinoma of the vulva, cervix, and endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;105:103–4 http://doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.02.012.
  20. Borowsky ME, Elliott KS, Pezzullo JC, Santoso P, Choi W, Choi K and Abulafia O. A retrospective review of 15 years of radical radiotherapy with or without concurrent cisplatin and/or 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer. Bull Cancer. 2005;92:E19–E24.
  21. Chen RJ, Lin YH, Chen CA, Huang SC, Chow SN and Hsieh CY. Influence of histologic type and age on survival rates for invasive cervical carcinoma in Taiwan. Gynecol Oncol 1999;73(2):184–90.https://doi : 10.1006/gyno.1999.5364
  22. Ho CM, Chien TY, Huang SH, Wu CJ, Shih BY and Chang SC. Multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors and outcomes in early cervical cancer patients undergoing radical hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 2004 ;93(2):458–64.https://doi : 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.01.026
  23. Galic V, Herzog TJ, Lewin SN, Neugut AI, Burke WM, Lu YS, Hershman DL and Wright JD. Prognostic significance of adenocarcinoma histology in women with cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2012 May;125(2):287–91.https://doi : 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.01.012
  24. MacGregor JE and Teper S. Uterine cervical cytology and young women. Lancet 1978; l : 1029–1031. https://doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90750-x
  25. Orr JW and Shingleton HM. Cancer in pregnancy. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc., 1983.https://doi : 10.1016/s0147-0272(83)80008-7
  26. Castellsagué X and Munoz N. Chapter 3: cofactors in human papillomavirus carcinogenesis—role of parity, oral contraceptives, and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2003; 31: 20–28.
  27. Tekalegn Y Sahiledengle B, Woldeyohannes D, Atlaw D , Degno S, Desta F, Bekele K, Assefa T, Gezahegn H and Kene C . High parity is associated with increased risk of cervical cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies. Women’s Health. 2022;18.https://doi : 10.1177/17455065221075904
  28. Drolet M, Boily M, Greenaway C, Deeks S, Blanchette C, Laprise JF and Brisson M. Sociodemographic inequalities in sexual activity and cervical cancer screening: implications for the success of human papillomavirus vaccination. Cancer EpidemiolBiomarkers Prev 2013 ;22 :641–52.https://doi : 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-12-1173.
  29. Nkegoum B, Belley Priso E, Mbakop A and Gwent Bell E. Precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix in cameroonian women. Cytological and epidemiological aspects of 946 cases. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2001 ; 29 : 15-20.https://doi: 10.1016/s1297-9589(00)00024-2.