Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 among health workers in Algeria
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has put health care professionals in the face of increasing psychological distress, with a high risk of infection.
Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of anxiety-depressive disorders among health professionals in Algeria and determine their associated risk factors.
Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January 11 to March 09, 2021 and concerned healthcare professionals in Algeria, through an online self-assessment. The mental health rating scales used were GAD-7 (7 items) for Anxiety, and CES-D (20 items) for Depression. Resilience was estimated by the RISC-CD (10 items). An original questionnaire was used to assess three factors: fear of infection and death, isolation and stigmatization, as well as motivation and escape behaviour at work.
Results: A total of 1005 health professionals were included in the study, of which 51.5% were doctors, 75.6% were women and 41.1% were at the first front of the fight against COVID-19. The prevalence of Anxiety and Depression was 23.8% and 44.6% respectively. Health professionals with a high resilience score were those who were in direct contact with COVID-19 3.75 [1.11-12.7] and those who feared contracting the disease 1.22 [1.14-1.31]. Among the study population, 508 employees (50.5%) were free from anxiety-depressive disorder: Good mental health of health personnel, has been determined by the male sex 1,55 [1,07, 2,24], without co-morbidity 0,57 [0,39, 0,83], without direct intervention in the fight against COVID-19 0.63 [0.45, 0.89], having a low score of Depression and Anxiety with respectively 0.43 [0.36- 0.50], 0.50 [0.41- 0.58] while denouncing a high Resilience score 1.03 [1.01- 1.05].
Conclusion: In Algeria, the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mental health of health professionals, hence the urgent need for intervention programs, for strengthening their mental health in a more sustainable and effective struggle.
Keywords:
COVID-19 - Health professionals- Mental health- Anxiety - Depression - Resilience - Algeria##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
- 1. Kunin M, Engelhard D, Piterman L, Thomas S. Response of general practitioners to infectious disease public health crises: an integrative systematic review of the literature. Disaster Med Public Health reparedness, 2013;7(5):522-533. 2. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 (‎ COVID-19)‎: situation report, 94, 2020, (Consulté le 22 juillet 2021). 3. World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Symptomes https://www,who,int/fr/health-topics/coronavirus/coronavirus#tab=tab_3. (Consulté le 22 juillet 2021). 4. Trumello C, Bramanti SM, Ballarotto G, Candelori C, Cerniglia L, Cimino S, et al. Psychological Adjustment of Healthcare Workers in Italy during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Differences in Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Burnout, Secondary Trauma, and Compassion Satisfaction between Frontline and Non-Frontline Professionals. Inter J Environ Res Public Health, 2020;17(22):8385. 5. Bandyopadhyay S, Baticulon RE, Kadhum M, Alser M, Ojuka DK, Badereddin Y, et al. Infection and mortality of healthcare workers worldwide from COVID-19: a systematic review. BMJ Global Health, 2020;5(12):e003097. 6. Stuijfzand S, Deforges C. Sandoz V, Sajin C-T, Jaques C, Elmers J, et al. Psychological impact of an epidemic/pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals: a rapid review. BMC public health, 2020;20(1):1230. 7. Zhang WR, Wang K, Yin L, Zhao WF, Xue Q, Peng M, et al. Mental Health and Psychosocial Problems of Medical Health Workers during the COVID-19 Epidemic in China. Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, 2020;89(4):242-250. 8. Åžahin MK, Aker S, Åžahin G, KarabekiroÄŸlu A. Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety. Distress and Insomnia and Related Factors in Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. J Community Health, 2020;45(6):1168-1177. 9. Zhang H, Shi Y, Jing P, Zhan P, Fang Y, Wang F. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in healthcare workers after the peak of the COVID-19 outbreak: A survey of a large tertiary care hospital in Wuhan. Psychiatry Res, 2020;294:113541., 10. Awano N, Oyama N, Akiyama K, Inomata M, Kuse N, Tone M, et al. Anxiety, Depression, and Resilience of Healthcare Workers in Japan During the Coronavirus Disease 2019. Outbreak, Internal Med (Tokyo, Japan), 2020;59(21):2693-2699. 11. Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Lagarde S, Barkate G, Dufournet B, Besancon C, Trébuchon-Da Fonseca A, et al. Rapid detection of generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in epilepsy: Validation of the GAD-7 as a complementary tool to the NDDI-E in a French sample, Epilepsy Behavior 2016;57(Pt A):211-216. 12. Verdier-Taillefer MH, Gourlet V. Fuhrer R, Alpérovitch A, Psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale in multiple sclerosis, Neuroepidemiology, 2001;20(4):262-267. 13. Guihard G, Deumier L, Alliot-Licht B, Bouton-Kelly L, Michaut C, Quilliot F. Psychometric validation of the French version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Encephale, 2018;44(1):40-45. 14. Erquicia J, Valls L, Barja A, Gil S, Miquel J, Leal-Blanquet J, et al. Emotional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers in one of the most important infection outbreaks in Europe. Medicina ClÃnica (English Edition), 2020;155(10):434-440. 15. Arafa A, Mohammed Z, Mahmoud O, Elshazley M, Ewis A. Depressed, anxious, and stressed: What have healthcare workers on the frontlines in Egypt and Saudi Arabia experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affective Disorders, 2021;278:365-371. 16. Suryavanshi N, Kadam A, Dhumal G, Nimkar S, Mave V, Gupta A, et al. Mental health and quality of life among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in India, Brain Behavior 2020;10(11):e01837. 17. Sim K, Chua HC. The psychological impact of SARS: a matter of heart and mind. Can Med Assoc J 2004;170(5), 811-812. 18. Woon LS, Sidi H, Nik Jaafar NR, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI. Mental Health Status of University Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Post-Movement Lockdown Assessment. Inter J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(24):9155. 19. Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behavior Immunity, 2020;88:901-907. 20. Wang H, Xia Q, Xiong Z, Li Z, Xiang W, Yuan Y, et al. The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey, PloS one, 2020;15(5):e0233410. 21. Shayganfard M, Mahdavi F, Haghighi M, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Brand S. Sources of Health Anxiety for Hospital Staff Working during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter J Environ Res Public Health, 2021;18(6):3094. 22. Goodman E, Capitman J. Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens. Pediatrics, 2000;106(4):748-755. 23. Alenazi TH, BinDhim NF, Alenazi MH, Tamim H, Almagrabi RS, Aljohani SM, et al. Prevalence and predictors of anxiety among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Infection Public Health, 2020;13(11):1645-1651. 24. Keubo FRN, Mboua PC, Tadongfack TD, Tchoffo EF, Tatang CT, Zeuna JI, et al. Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors. Ann Med Psychol, 2021;179(2): 141-146. 25. Liu Z, Wu J, Shi X, Ma Y, Ma X, Teng Z, et al. Mental Health Status of Healthcare Workers in China for COVID-19 Epidemic. Ann Global Health, 2020;86(1):128. 26. Chew NWS, Lee GKH, Tan BYQ, Jing M, Goh Y, Ngiam NJH, et al. A multinational, multicentre study on the psychological outcomes and associated physical symptoms amongst healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020;88:559-65.