The impact of cold-water-immersion on athletes’ muscle function and aerobic capacity: studies from thin to thick

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##

Helmi Ben Saad

Abstract

Abstract
Studies treating the impact of cold-water-immersion (CWI) on athletes’ performance are very interesting and should be encouraged. The CWI is currently attracting the attention of the sports world as a recovery technique and it is often recommended in sports where contact is repeated throughout training and competitions. However, if some studies reported the efficacy of CWI as an analgesic against traumatic or immune aspects, currently there is not consistent unanimity of its use as a method of improving performance. The researchers set out to observe the effects of CWI on the restoration of numerous performance indicators, characterizing both the aerobic and anaerobic energy pathways, but also the different modalities of muscle contraction. However, few data appear to be available on the effects of CWI on performance and recovery capacity and very few studies have observed results in the same direction. Results regarding the impact of CWI on performance are conflicting, with a few studies suggesting beneficial effects and others indicating negligible effects. The two main aims of the present paper are to briefly expose the literature data related to the effects of CWI on muscle function and aerobic capacity of athletes, and to clarify the origin of discrepancies between studies’ findings.

Keywords:

CWI, Athletes, Muscle function, Aerobic capacity, Tunisia

##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##

References

  1. 1. Babak MF, Ziaaldini MM, Seyyed Reza AH. Experience of cold-water immersion on recovery efficiency after soccer match. Tunis Med. 2021;99(2):252-8. 2. Boujezza H, Sghaier A, Ben Rejeb M, Gargouri I, Latiri I, Ben Saad H. Effects of cold water immersion on aerobic capacity and muscle strength of young footballers. Tunis Med. 2018;96(2):107-12. 3. Hausswirth C, Bieuzen F, Brisswalter J. Réponses physiologiques liées à une immersion en eau froide et à une cryostimulation-cryothérapie en corps entier : effets sur la récupération après un exercice musculaire. Kinésithér Scient. 2013;539:13-40. 4. Wilcock IM, Cronin JB, Hing WA. Physiological response to water immersion: a method for sport recovery? Sports Med. 2006;36(9):747-65. 5. Hausswirth C, Bieuzen F, Barbiche E, Brisswalter J. Réponses physiologiques liées à une immersion en eau froide et à une cryostimulation-cryothérapie en corps entier: effets sur la récupération après un exercice musculaire. Sci Sport. 2010;25(3):121-31. 6. Cronin NJ, Valtonen AM, Waller B, Poyhonen T, Avela J. Effects of short term water immersion on peripheral reflex excitability in hemiplegic and healthy individuals: A preliminary study. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2016;16(1):58-62. 7. Horikoshi M, Inokuma S, Kijima Y, Kobuna M, Miura Y, Okada R, et al. Thermal disparity between fingers after cold-water immersion of hands: a useful indicator of disturbed peripheral circulation in raynaud phenomenon patients. Intern Med. 2016;55(5):461-6. 8. Cheung K, Hume P, Maxwell L. Delayed onset muscle soreness : treatment strategies and performance factors. Sports Med. 2003;33(2):145-64. 9. Bailey DM, Erith SJ, Griffin PJ, Dowson A, Brewer DS, Gant N, et al. Influence of cold-water immersion on indices of muscle damage following prolonged intermittent shuttle running. J Sports Sci. 2007;25(11):1163-70. 10. Eston R, Peters D. Effects of cold water immersion on the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. J Sports Sci. 1999;17(3):231-8. 11. Goodall S, Howatson G. The effects of multiple cold water immersions on indices of muscle damage. J Sports Sci Med. 2008;7(2):235-41. 12. Jakeman JR, Macrae R, Eston R. A single 10-min bout of cold-water immersion therapy after strenuous plyometric exercise has no beneficial effect on recovery from the symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. Ergonomics. 2009;52(4):456-60. 13. Peiffer JJ, Abbiss CR, Nosaka K, Peake JM, Laursen PB. Effect of cold water immersion after exercise in the heat on muscle function, body temperatures, and vessel diameter. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12(1):91-6. 14. Sellwood KL, Brukner P, Williams D, Nicol A, Hinman R. Ice-water immersion and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(6):392-7. 15. Vaile J, Halson S, Gill N, Dawson B. Effect of hydrotherapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;102(4):447-55. 16. Vaile JM, Gill ND, Blazevich AJ. The effect of contrast water therapy on symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(3):697-702. 17. Ingram J, Dawson B, Goodman C, Wallman K, Beilby J. Effect of water immersion methods on post-exercise recovery from simulated team sport exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 2009;12(3):417-21. 18. Baldari C, Videira M, Madeira F, Sergio J, Guidetti L. Lactate removal during active recovery related to the individual anaerobic and ventilatory thresholds in soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;93(1-2):224-30. 19. Coffey V, Leveritt M, Gill N. Effect of recovery modality on 4-hour repeated treadmill running performance and changes in physiological variables. J Sci Med Sport. 2004;7(1):1-10. 20. Crowe MJ, O'Connor D, Rudd D. Cold water recovery reduces anaerobic performance. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(12):994-8. 21. Halson SL, Quod MJ, Martin DT, Gardner AS, Ebert TR, Laursen PB. Physiological responses to cold water immersion following cycling in the heat. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008;3(3):331-46. 22. Heyman E, B DEG, Mertens I, Meeusen R. Effects of four recovery methods on repeated maximal rock climbing performance. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2009;41(6):1303-10. 23. Howatson G, Goodall S, van Someren KA. The influence of cold water immersions on adaptation following a single bout of damaging exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105(4):615-21. 24. Howatson G, van Someren KA. The prevention and treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage. Sports Med. 2008;38(6):483-503. 25. Jansky L, Vybiral S, Trubacova M, Okrouhlik J. Modulation of adrenergic receptors and adrenergic functions in cold adapted humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;104(2):131-5. 26. Kinugasa T, Kilding AE. A comparison of post-match recovery strategies in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res. 2009;23(5):1402-7. 27. Montgomery PG, Pyne DB, Hopkins WG, Dorman JC, Cook K, Minahan CL. The effect of recovery strategies on physical performance and cumulative fatigue in competitive basketball. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(11):1135-45. 28. Morton RH. Contrast water immersion hastens plasma lactate decrease after intense anaerobic exercise. J Sci Med Sport. 2007;10(6):467-70. 29. Oksa J, Rintamaki H, Rissanen S, Rytky S, Tolonen U, Komi PV. Stretch- and H-reflexes of the lower leg during whole body cooling and local warming. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2000;71(2):156-61. 30. Peiffer JJ, Abbiss CR, Watson G, Nosaka K, Laursen PB. Effect of a 5-min cold-water immersion recovery on exercise performance in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(6):461-5. 31. Rutkove SB. Effects of temperature on neuromuscular electrophysiology. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24(7):867-82. 32. Burke DG, MacNeil SA, Holt LE, MacKinnon NC, Rasmussen RL. The effect of hot or cold water immersion on isometric strength training. J Strength Cond Res. 2000;14(1):21-5. 33. Farhi LE, Linnarsson D. Cardiopulmonary readjustments during graded immersion in water at 35 degrees C. Respir Physiol. 1977;30(1-2):35-50. 34. Dawson B, Cow S, Modra S, Bishop D, Stewart G. Effects of immediate post-game recovery procedures on muscle soreness, power and flexiblity levels over the next 48 hours. J Sci Med Sport. 2005;8(2):210-21. 35. Isabell WK, Durrant E, Myrer W, Anderson S. The effects of ice massage, ice massage with exercise, and exercise on the prevention and treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Athl Train. 1992;27(3):208-17. 36. Kuligowski LA, Lephart SM, Giannantonio FP, Blanc RO. Effect of whirlpool therapy on the signs and symptoms of delayed-onset muscle soreness. J Athl Train. 1998;33(3):222-8. 37. Lane KN, Wenger HA. Effect of selected recovery conditions on performance of repeated bouts of intermittent cycling separated by 24 hours. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(4):855-60. 38. Paddon-Jones DJ, Quigley BM. Effect of cryotherapy on muscle soreness and strength following eccentric exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1997;18(8):588-93. 39. Yamane M, Teruya H, Nakano M, Ogai R, Ohnishi N, Kosaka M. Post-exercise leg and forearm flexor muscle cooling in humans attenuates endurance and resistance training effects on muscle performance and on circulatory adaptation. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2006;96(5):572-80. 40. Takeda M, Sato T, Hasegawa T, Shintaku H, Kato H, Yamaguchi Y, et al. The effects of cold water immersion after rugby training on muscle power and biochemical markers. J Sports Sci Med. 2014;13(3):616-23. 41. Fonseca LB, Brito CJ, Silva RJ, Silva-Grigoletto ME, da Silva WMJ, Franchini E. Use of Cold-Water Immersion to Reduce Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Preserve Muscle Power in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes. J Athl Train. 2016;51(7):540-9.