Les sensibilisations cutanées aux pneumallergènes chez l’enfant : étude transversale de 200 cas.

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Publiée Dec 6, 2013
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Vol. 91 No 11 (2013): Revue nov. 2013

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Sonia Malouche
Khadija Boussetta
Lamia Ben Hassine
Kais Malouche
Maha Siala
Fairouz Nessib
Mohamed A. Mongalgi
Aouatf Ben Hassen
Sana Rejeb
Souad Boussnina

Résumé

Prérequis : La prévalence des maladies allergiques a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies. L’expression clinique de l’allergie dépend de l’interaction de facteurs génétiques et environnementaux.
But: Le but de notre travail était d’évaluer la prévalence de la sensibilisation aux pneumallergènes chez l’enfant et de déterminer les facteurs de risque de sensibilisations.
méthodes : Nous avons réalisé une étude transversale portant sur 200 enfants âgés de 3 à14 ans ayant consulté en ambulatoire à la consultation externe de pédiatrie de l’hôpital Mahmoud El Matri. Nous avons pratiqué, après consentement parental, des tests cutanés par méthode de prick test aux 12 pneumallergènes courants.
résultats : La prévalence de la sensibilisation aux pneumallergènes était de 14%. Les acariens (DP et/ou DF) représentaient les allergènes incriminés dans la majorité des cas ( 96,4% des cas). L’analyse statistique des différents facteurs de risque de sensibilisations a montré que ces facteurs étaient: la présence d’un terrain atopique familial (p=0,0034 ) particulièrement un asthme maternel (p< 0,001), l’atopie personnelle en particulier un asthme, une rhinite allergique ou dermatite atopique (p<10-5 ), la durée plus courte de l’allaitement maternel chez les enfants sensibilisés (p= 0,033) et l’humidité de l’habitat (p=0,0072). Aucune corrélation n’a été retrouvée pour le tabagisme passif, le milieu d’habitation rural ou urbain, l’âge de la diversification alimentaire et les infections aux bas âges.
Conclusion : La prévalence des sensibilisations aux pneumallergènes est relativement élevée dans notre série. Plusieurs facteurs tentent d’expliquer l’augmentation de la prévalence des sensibilisations et des maladies allergiques. Notre travail souligne l’importance des facteurs génétiques, nutritionnels et environnementaux dans l’apparition de sensibilisations cutanés aux pneumallergènes.

Mots-clés :

Test cutané - Enfant - Allergène

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